Anatomy To You

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Celebrating the structure of organisms

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In focus: Raise a TOEst to geckos!
Dec 20, 2020 · original
This week’s post is from Dr. Emily Naylor , a postdoctoral scientist at the Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University (DC, USA). This post is about her ongoing research. If you would like to write for Anatomy to You, get in touch via Facebook or Twitter. Happy and safe holidays to you! Have you ever seen a gecko run up a wall or hang upside down on a ceiling? As a group, the geckos’ claim to fame (other than GEICO) are their sticky toe pads ( Figure 1 ). One pad has tens of thousands of microscopic hairs called setae (pronounced “see-tee”), each about as long as a human hair is wide, which branch into many tiny surface-contacting tips. When a gecko takes a step, the molecules of these tips and the molecules of the surface become so close and cozy that they form temporary adhesive (‘resistance to separation’) bonds; you can think of this in a similar way to how your
In focus: Your teeth are a sensory system
Oct 26, 2019 · original
This week’s post is from Kelsey Stilson , a PhD student in biology at the University of Chicago, specialising in neurobiology and functional anatomy. It’s a post with teeth, in more ways than one! If you would like to write for Anatomy to You, get in touch via Facebook or Twitter. I study opossums. Specifically, I study the only North American opossum (or marsupial for that matter), Didelphis virginiana . I can relate to the opossum. Like graduate students, they are nocturnal, will eat anything, and live in urban environments while feeling like they are somehow not a part of it. Unlike graduate students, they also have extremely flexible ankles that allow them to climb down a tree face first, they are immune to many types of snake venom, and have a body temperature that is, on average, two degrees colder than most mammals (leading to very slow metabolisms and fat opossums). And don’t get
In focus: The fabella, the forgotten knee bone
May 9, 2019 · original
This week’s post is from Dr. Michael Bertaume , an “anthroengineer”– combining studies of anthropology and mechanical engineering perspectives. This post is about his team’s scientific paper just published here . If you would like to write for Anatomy to You, get in touch via Facebook or Twitter. The foot bone’s connected to the ankle bone, The ankle bone’s connected to the leg bone, The leg bone’s connected to the knee bone… We are taught anatomy early in life, and told that the human skeleton has 206 bones. When asked what bones make up the “knee bone,” most people say the femur, patella, and tibia. But some people have more bones in their knee: sesamoid bones . And few people know that the average number of bones in human skeletons… is changing … The fabella is a sesamoid bone located in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle, behind the lateral femoral condyle (Figure 1). It is
In focus: On fantails and first pages
Feb 4, 2019 · original
This week’s post is from Katrina van Grouw , a scientist, illustrator, author and more. If you would like to write for Anatomy to You, get in touch via Facebook or Twitter. Anyone who’s read On the Origin of Species will know that it begins with—pigeons. Domesticated pigeons. Pages and pages of them. As a teenager I laboured through the first chapter with mounting disappointment, before consigning Origin to the bookshelf in disgust. I wanted to learn about adaptations in wild animals, about peppered moths and pocket mice and all the things you can find in modern textbooks. Pigeons were synonymous with town centres, or with old men in flat caps. But Darwin had been especially clever in beginning Origin in this way. The theory he was presenting shows a mechanism by which all the diversity on the planet could have come into existence without the need for a divine creator— a frightening conc
In focus: Do slow-moving animals have stiff backs?
Jan 28, 2019 · original
This week’s post is from Michael Granatosky , a postdoctoral scholar at the University of Chicago in the department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy (Figure 1) . If you would like to write for Anatomy to You, get in touch via Facebook or Twitter. Figure 1. Michael Granatosky (left) collecting data in Brazil on the comparative energetic costs of feeding and locomotion in capuchin monkeys (right). I describe myself professionally as a comparative evolutionary biomechanist , which essentially means I am interested in the ways that animals move and how this has changed through evolutionary time. When I first started graduate school, I became fascinated by the animals that take it slow as they locomote through the trees (Figure 2). Instead of leaping and running, sloths, lorises and other careful arboreal quadrupeds slowly bridge, cantilever and cryptically walk to navigate their complex thr
In focus: What’s so great about echinoderms? These 9 facts will make them your new favorite animals.
Oct 15, 2018 · original
This week’s post is from Liz Clark, PhD, a biologist/paleontologist at Yale University (New Haven, USA). If you would like to write for Anatomy to You, get in touch via Facebook or Twitter. Echinoderms are a group of invertebrates that include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, crinoids and brittle stars, and they’re about to become your favorite animals. Here’s what makes them so awesome… Examples from the five living classes of echinoderms. Their internal skeletons inspire architecture! Even though they’re invertebrates, echinoderms have internal skeletons just like we do. Their skeleton is secreted to make sharp spines, limbs for movement, or tough cases that protect their soft parts– some of which are so sturdy that they’ve been the inspiration for the design of buildings ! A close-up shot of the internal skeleton of a sea urchin. Attribution They don’t have brains!
In focus: Streetlamps, cranes and the internal architecture of the human femur
Oct 9, 2018 · original
We are back after a break! And we have a nice series of posts planned already from numerous guest writers! To kick things off, let’s get hip to bone structure. This week’s post is from Diogo M. Geraldes , PhD CEng MIMechE MEng; a biomedical engineer in London. If you would like to write for Anatomy to You, get in touch via Facebook or Twitter. Multi-disciplinary collaborations of anatomists, clinicians, engineers and scientists have long tried to achieve a better understanding of the human skeleton’s structural and mechanical properties (and these efforts extend into all of vertebrate biology; the field of “ mechanobiology ”). Galileo Galilei made the first published comment on the mechanical function and shape of bone in one of his writings, when he observed that long bone dimensions were not linearly proportional to the animal’s size (Galilei 1638) (Figure 1, left). In 1803 an anatomic
In focus: Blind creatures of the deep
Jan 13, 2017 · original
This week’s post is from Lauren Sumner-Rooney, a post-doctoral researcher at the Museum für Naturkunde. If you would like to write for Anatomy to You, get in touch via Facebook or Twitter. The featured image shows a specimen of a new species of Zetela (a snail), removed from its shell. Image: Natural History Museum, Specimen: Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. We’ve all seen images of the weird and sometimes nightmare-ish creatures that dwell in the ocean depths. One of the features that appears time and time again in these animals – as well as their creepy cave-dwelling counterparts – is the lack of eyes. Blindness is very common in animals that live in the dark (even in burrowing species like moles), but how does it actually evolve? It may seem counterintuitive that the fittest individuals in an ancient population were those less able to see, but eyes are often complex and en
In focus: Investigating the Biomechanics of the Tadpole from Hell
Jan 2, 2017 · original
by Eva Herbst , Structure & Motion Lab, The Royal Veterinary College, UK. If you would like to contribute a guest post, please get in touch, such as on Twitter or Facebook . Fig. 1 Reconstruction of Crassigyrinus scoticus (Panchen & Smithson 1990) My name is Eva Herbst and I started my PhD with John Hutchinson and co-supervisor Chris Richards this October 2016. I am researching limb and backbone anatomy in early tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates), and their (lis)amphibian descendants, to find out more about the transition from water to land. The first animal I am working with is Crassigyrinus scoticus , an aquatic tetrapod from the early Carboniferous (about 320 million years ago) of Scotland. Crassigyrinus has received the nickname “tadpole from hell” in our lab because it was up to two meters long and had huge eyes, tiny forelimbs, and large teeth (indicating predatory habits). In fac
In focus: How much do turtles wiggle their hips?
Dec 15, 2016 · original
by Christopher Mayerl , Evolutionary Morphology and Biomechanics Laboratory at Clemson University (S. Carolina, USA). If you would like to contribute a guest post, please get in touch, such as on Twitter or Facebook . When you see a turtle , you automatically know it’s a turtle and not something else, probably because of its distinctive shell. However, there’s actually quite a lot of variation within turtles inside of that shell. There are two extant (or living) groups of turtles: the pleurodires and the cryptodires ( Fig. 1 ). These two groups can be distinguished by a variety of physical characteristics, but one feature that distinguishes them that has received relatively little attention, is their different pelvic girdle (hip region) morphologies. Fig. 1. Representative aquatic cryptodire ( Sternotherus odoratus ) and pleurodire ( Emydura subglobosa ) turtles. Like all tetrapods (four

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